On the 23rd of February 1942, the majority of the Australian detachment sent to defend Dutch Timor (codenamed Sparrow Force) surrendered to the attacking Japanese forces. Arriving in Timor on the 12th of December 1941, the 1400 strong detachment was primarily drawn from the 2/40th Infantry Battalion from Tasmania and the 2/2nd Independent Company.
Similar to its counterpart ‘Gull Force’ in Ambon, the force sent to Timor was deemed to be inadequately manned and supplied to provide a proper defence against the numerically superior Japanese. This became apparent following the initial attack on Timor on the 19th of February 1942,involving amphibious troops and paratroopers on the same day Darwin was bombed for the first time.
Sparrow Force fought hard but were hampered by a lack of effective communications and also significantly outnumbered. Despite this, they successfully recaptured he villages of Babau and Usau from the Japanese, and inflicted at least 600 Japanese casualties in three days of fighting.
Despite the Australian tenacity, their situation was rapidly becoming untenable. On the morning of 23 February 1942, the main body of Sparrow Force was at Airkom, preparing to move towards Champlong, when a Japanese convoy came up to the rear of the force. The Japanese commander said that if there was no surrender by 10 a.m., the Australians would be bombed continuously. Sparrow Force surrendered before that time, however, Australian and Japanese troops were bombed by Japanese aircraft in two attacks after the surrender. More Australian troops surrendered or were captured after the main surrender at Airkom, some after a considerable period, with approximately 1100 Australians of Sparrow Force in total becoming prisoners.
Over 200 Australians in Dutch Timor, including the force commander Brigadier Veale, avoided capture and reached Portuguese Timor, where the 2/2nd Independent company was still operational. The 2/2nd continued to fight the Japanese on Timor in a widespread guerrilla campaign until the unit was withdrawn at the end of 1942.
Sparrow Force personnel were initially held in captivity on Dutch Timor, until later in 1942 when they were moved to Java. While some men spent the rest of the war on Java, the majority were moved onto a number of locations as POWs, including Sumatra, Singapore, Thailand and Japan. Approximately 340 members of Sparrow Force did not survive the war, including deaths in action and captivity.
Today we pause to pay our respects to the brave men of Sparrow Force.
Lest we forget.
Note: Image colourised by AI